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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]) (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

Leibniz developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers.

In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, e.g., his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence.

Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. He wrote works on philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, but primarily in Latin, French, and German. There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz.

 

prominent  目立つ                                                sauce

calculus  微積分学  kˈælkjʊləs                                Ideon  Fate/Zero  MMD  Radioactive  Macross  Kancore  Haruhi

notation  表記法                                                   Madomagi  Hatune  Bach  Strikewitches

continuity  連続性

transcendental  形而上の  tr`ænsendénṭl

homogeneity   同次性  hòʊmədʒəníːəṭi

implementation  実装

prolific  多作の

inventor  発明者

calculator  計算者

multiplication  掛け算

arithmometer  加減計算機

refine  洗練する

virtually   事実上

optimism  楽天主義

e.g.  例えば

conclusion  結論

restrict  制限する

advocate  主唱者

rationalism  合理主義

anticipate  予期する

scholastic  学問的な

tradition  伝統

apply  適用する

reason  理由

principle  原理

prior  前の

definition  定義

rather  むしろ

empirical  経験的な

evidence  物証

contribution  貢献

anticipate  予期する

notion  観念

probability  確率論

biology  生物学

medicine   医学

geology  地質学

psychology  心理学

linguistics  言語学

politics   政治学

ethics  倫理学

theology  神学

philology  文献学

vast  広大な

array  整列

subject  主題

scattered  散り散りになった

tens  *tenの複数形

manuscript  原稿

primarily  主として

gathering  集会                       52

 

 

Dirac

 

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac OM FRS (/dɪˈræk/ di-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life at Florida State University.

Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behaviour of fermions and predicted the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". He also did work that forms the basis of modern attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics.

He was regarded by his friends and colleagues as unusual in character. Albert Einstein said of him, "This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful", referring to his autistic traits. His mathematical brilliance, however, means he is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.

 

 

theoretical  理論(上)の

contributions  寄与

development  進展

Quantum  量子

electrodynamics  電気力学

discovery   発見

formulated  策定

equation 方程式

describe  説明する

behaviour  行動

predicte  予言する

antimatter  反物質

productive  生産的な.

reconcile   調和させる

relativity   相対性

regard  みなす

colleagues  同僚

"This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful" 

天才と狂気の間のめまいがしそうなパス上のこの釣り合いは恐ろしい

refer  言及する

autistic  自閉症の

trait  特性

brilliance  光輝

significant  重要な           23

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