Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]) (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.
Leibniz developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is at the foundation of virtually all digital computers.
In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, e.g., his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence.
Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. He wrote works on philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, but primarily in Latin, French, and German. There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz.
prominent 目立つ sauce
calculus 微積分学 kˈælkjʊləs Ideon Fate/Zero MMD Radioactive Macross Kancore Haruhi
notation 表記法 Madomagi Hatune Bach Strikewitches
continuity 連続性
transcendental 形而上の tr`ænsendénṭl
homogeneity 同次性 hòʊmədʒəníːəṭi
implementation 実装
prolific 多作の
inventor 発明者
calculator 計算者
multiplication 掛け算
arithmometer 加減計算機
refine 洗練する
virtually 事実上
optimism 楽天主義
e.g. 例えば
conclusion 結論
restrict 制限する
advocate 主唱者
rationalism 合理主義
anticipate 予期する
scholastic 学問的な
tradition 伝統
apply 適用する
reason 理由
principle 原理
prior 前の
definition 定義
rather むしろ
empirical 経験的な
evidence 物証
contribution 貢献
anticipate 予期する
notion 観念
probability 確率論
biology 生物学
medicine 医学
geology 地質学
psychology 心理学
linguistics 言語学
politics 政治学
ethics 倫理学
theology 神学
philology 文献学
vast 広大な
array 整列
subject 主題
scattered 散り散りになった
tens *tenの複数形
manuscript 原稿
primarily 主として
gathering 集会 52
Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac OM FRS (/dɪˈræk/ di-RAK; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life at Florida State University.
Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behaviour of fermions and predicted the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". He also did work that forms the basis of modern attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics.
He was regarded by his friends and colleagues as unusual in character. Albert Einstein said of him, "This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful", referring to his autistic traits. His mathematical brilliance, however, means he is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century.
theoretical 理論(上)の
contributions 寄与
development 進展
Quantum 量子
electrodynamics 電気力学
discovery 発見
formulated 策定
equation 方程式
describe 説明する
behaviour 行動
predicte 予言する
antimatter 反物質
productive 生産的な.
reconcile 調和させる
relativity 相対性
regard みなす
colleagues 同僚
"This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful"
天才と狂気の間のめまいがしそうなパス上のこの釣り合いは恐ろしい
refer 言及する
autistic 自閉症の
trait 特性
brilliance 光輝
significant 重要な 23